2012高考英语语法点石成金术：主谓一致
一、语法一致原则 1. 主语的单复数决定谓语动词形式的单复数，即S单，V单；S复，V复。 A student is waiting for you in your office. Two students are waiting for you in your office.
2. A +with, together with, along with, as well as, except, but, besides, including, rather than, like, in addition to +B 作主语时，由A决定谓语。 The house, including the garden and the garage, was sold. ?Sunshine, as well as water, is needed to make plants grow.
3. 英语中有一类单、复数同形的词（means，sheep，deer，fish等），其单、复数取决于它在句中的含义。
A sheep is under the tree. A flock of sheep are ( be)the tree.
4.plenty of , a lot of, the rest of , most of , 分数/ 百分数+of +名词等短语作主语,谓语动词与of 后面的名词保持一致. 但：分数、百分数+population 作主语时，V复 Most of the water here is clean. 大部分的水是干净的。 80% cotton has been sent to America. 80%的棉花已经被送往美国。 Half of the apples are red. 有一半儿的苹果是红的。
A lot of students are waiting for the bus.
A lot of money has been wasted.
Seventy percent of the population in China are farmers.
5. 由“a kind of , this kind of, many kinds of ” 和“名词+ of this kind of ”等以及由与kind意义相似的type，sort等构成的类似短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。
This new type of machine is on show now.
Machines of this new type are made in Wuhan.
如果种类不是一种而是多种,谓语动词应为复数.
There are many kinds of pears.
6. 词组“a number of， a great/good many， a group of +可数名词复数”的结构作主语时，谓语动词应用复数；如果冠词a变为the，则谓语动词用单数。
A number of ancient buildings were destroyed in the war. 许多的古代建筑在战争中被毁。 The number of the visitors has increased this year. 游客的数量今年增加了
7. 英语的集体名词（committee, crowd, family, public, group, party, team, class, club, company, union等词），指代“整体”时为单数；指代“其中的各成员”则为复数。 My family was very poor when I was a little girl. 当我还是一个小女孩儿的时候，我家很穷。 My family are all looking forward for your coming. 我的家人都在期待着你的到来。
8. 在one of +复数名词+ who (that, which )引导的定语从句中,从句谓语动词常用复数; 若one 前有the (only)等修饰语时,从句谓语动词常用单数.
She is one of the women who were invited to the ball.
She is the only one of the women who was nvited to the ball.
二、就近原则：谓语动词的单复形式取决于靠近它的词语。这种原则主要体现在
1由or, either…or…, neither…nor…, not only…but (also)…，not---but---连接的并列主语和there be句型中
One or two friends are coming evening. ?? Either you or I am going to be in charge of this matter. ?? Neither you nor she is wrong. ?? Not only the students but also the teacher wishes to have a chance to visit the Great Wall again. ?? There is a pen, five pencils and two pencil-boxes on the table.?? 2. 在定语从句中，关系代词作主语，其谓语动词应与它所指代的先行词保持一致。 I know the man who is talking to my father.我认识那个正在和我父亲谈话的人。 3. 在强调句中，连接代词又在句中作主语，这时它应与被强调的主语保持一致。 It is Mary’s brother who was injured in the car accident. 是Mary的哥哥在车祸中受伤了。
三、个体一致原则
1. 当each…and each…,every…and every…,no…and no…,many a…and many a….等结构做主语，谓语动词用单数形式。 例句：Every man and every woman is busy at working.
Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work.
2. 英语句中的each， either， neither等词，既可作代词充当主语，又可作形容词修饰主语，这时的谓语动词一律用单数。 Neither of us has been abroad. 我们谁都没出过国。
3. 不定代词（somebody，nobody，everything，anything等）作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 Somebody is waiting for you at the school gate. 有人在学校门口等你。
4. many a / more than one + 单数名词，接单数谓语动词。More than one person was absent.
Many a man doesn’t understand Einstein’s relativity. 许多人不明白爱因斯坦的相对论。
“more +复名+ than one”作主语时，V复; More students than one have been there.
“more than two (three…) +复名”作主语时，V复。 More than one hundred students have attended the concert.
5. “one and a half + 复数名词”作主语，谓语动词一般用单数。One and a half hours has passed. 一个半小时过去了
“a/an +单名+and a half”作主语时，V单； A year and a half has passed. 6. 成双成对出现的复数名词（glasses， scissors， shoes， trousers，pants，gloves，stockings等）作主语时，
通常谓语动词用复数，但如果前面有a /the pair of；a /the suit of等词语时，则谓语动词要用单数。 A pair of scissors is useful tool for a dressmaker. 剪刀是裁缝的重要工具。
7. all, some, half, the rest作主语时，谓语根据指代名词确定。 All are in favor of it. ???? All goes well.
8 – s / - ices结尾的学科名词如 physics(物理) politics (政治)mathematics(数学) 及 news等词作主语时，V单。
Mathematics is of great importance to middle school students.
9. “ the+形容词”表一类人作主语时，V复。
The young have almost eaten up everything on the table. 【注】 There are two persons in the room. The old is father and the young is son.
10. 两个单数名词用 and 连接，表示两个不同的概念时，V复； 表示同一人，同一物或同一个概念，或表示不可分的整体时，V单。 Steam and ice are different forms of water. ?Trial and error is the source of our knowledge. ?The singer and dancer is to attend our ceremony.
The singer and the dancer are to attend our meeting. 11用and连接的两个单数名词作主语，前有 each, every,??many??a,??no修饰时, V单. each位于复数主语之后
或句末， 谓语用复数。
They each have two apples.
Each boy and (each) girl has an apple. ?? Many a teacher and (many a) student has seen the film. 12 deer, species, means, works, series等单复数同形的名词作主语时，根据概念一致原则，表示单数时，V单；
表示复数时，V复。 A gas works is being built near our school.
??All /Both/ These means are not enough.
Each /Every means has been tried.
13 “a/an+单名+or two”作主语时，大多数V单； Only a word or two is needed. “one or two+复名”作主语时，V复。 One or two reasons were suggested.
14 英语句中的each， either， neither等词，既可作代词充当主语，又可作形容词修饰主语，这时的谓语动
词一律用单数。
Neither of us has been abroad. 我们谁都没出过国。
Either of the plans is equally important.
Each of the houses is painted a different color.??????
15 a (large) quantity / of??可名复+V复/ 不可名+V单 （large）quantities of +可名复/不可名+V复 A large quantity of books are needed. ??A large quantity of milk is needed. ??Large quantities of water are needed.
四、整体原则
1. 从句、不定式、动名词等作主语时谓语动词一 律视作一个整体，谓语动词用单数。 When to leave has not been decided. 什么时候离开还没有定下来。 Going shopping on Sunday is one of his habits. 周日购物是他的一个习惯。 如果主语是两个(或两个以上)的名词性从句，谓语动词常用复数。 What he said and what he did were always different. 他所说的和他所做的总是不一样。
2. 在以what从句作主语的”主系表“结构中，主句的谓语动词要根据表语名词的单复数而定。
What we really need is more time. ?? What we really need are doctors.
3. 专用名词，如：书名、剧名、报刊名、国家（组织）名等，通常作单数用。 The United States was found it 1776. 美国成立于1776年。 4. 表示时间、距离、金额、度量等词语作主语时，通常被视作整体，谓语动词用单数。 10 minutes is enough. 十分钟足够了。 5 两数相加、相乘，谓动单复数均可；两数相减、相除，谓动只用单数。 ①Thirty-six from forty leaves six.
②Six times seven are/is forty-two.
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