2012高考英语语法金点拨：动词的时态
动词的时态及构成
时态
主动语态的构成
一般现在时
①S+be(am/is/are)+表语（状态/处所/年龄/职业等）②S(I/ We /You /They /Sbs)+v….③单数第三人称构成形式：He /She /It )+Vs /Ves...
一般过去时
be (was were)/动词的过去式。
一般将来时
will或shall+动词原形，第一人称（I/we）的疑问句常用助动词shall，其余人称和句式用will
现在进行时
be（am/is/are）+v-ing
过去进行时
be(was /were)+ v-ing.
现在完成时
have/has+过去分词
过去完成时
had + 过去分词
过去将来时
should/would +动词原形
现在完成进行时
have/has+been+ v-ing
动词时态的分类讲解
一、一般现在时态（do/does式）：
（一）基本用法:1、表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作及情况或状态,常与always, usually, often, sometimes, at times, every day, on Sundays, now and then, occasionally, seldom等连用。
E.g. He likes living in the country.
2、表示客观真理、科学事实 、格言或警句和习惯用语中以及不受时间限制的客观存在的事实 。
E.g. （1）The earth runs around the sun. （2） Pride goes before a fall.
【注】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时
E.g.Columbus proved that the earth is round.
（二）特殊用法: 1、主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,时间、条件、让步、方式状语从句须用一般现在时表将来。E.g.（1）I’ll write to her when I have time. （2）If we hurry up, we can catch the bus.
（3）Whatever you say, I won’t pay. （4）Next time I’ll do as he says.
2、用于“the＋比较级…,the＋比较级…”中,前一个用一般现在时表将来,后一个用一般现在时表将来或一般将来时。E.g.The more you eat, the fatter you （will） become.
3、当主句为将来时,定语从句用一般现在时表将来。E.g. I’ll give you anything you ask for.
4、少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等（以here,there开头的句子里）常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排，肯定会出现的状态，只用一般现在时。
E.g.（1）There goes the bell. （2） The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
（3）Here she comes. （4）Tomorrow is Wednesday.
5、主句是将来完成时态,从句有by the time 所引导的从句用一般现在时表将来（主句是过去完成时态,从句有by the time 所引导的从句用一般过去时）。
E.g.By the time he comes, I’ll have left. （ By the time he came, I had left. ）
二、一般过去时态（did式）:
（一）基本用法: 1、表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作。常与yesterday, last Sunday morning, last year, two hours ago, just now, the other day, once upon a time, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等连用。
E.g.We often played together when we were children.
注:表示过去习惯性的动作,可用would或used to. E.g.He used to work by bus.
2、表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
E.g.（1）He bought the computer five years ago. （2）It was then a small fishing village.
（二）特殊用法:
1、用过去时表示现在，表客气或语气委婉礼貌，用情态动词 could, would等。
E.g.Could you lend me your bike?
2、一般过去时态用于在条件句中表示与现在或将来事实不符的虚拟语气，通常用于某些特殊结构中,如：if only…,as if…, as though…和It is time (that) sb. did sth. “早该……了” I would (had) rather sb. did sth. 表示“宁愿某人做某事”。 【注】It is time for sb. to do sth “到……时间了；该……了”。
E.g.（1）If I were a bird, I would fly to Beijing. （2）It’s time we started.
（3）I wish I knew his name. （4）I’d rather you lived with us.
（5）If he were here now, we could turn to him for help.
3、表示过去经常发生的动作也可用 “used to”或 “would+动词原形” 代替。
used to + do：“过去常常”表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但现在不再发生的动作或存在的状态。
would do: 表过去常干某事，但不强调现在不干。
E.g.（1）He used to visit his mother once a week. 他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。
（2） The old man would sit on a bench in the quiet park .老人过去常常坐在宁静的公园里的一条长椅上
4、用于对于think, believe, suppose等表示心理活动的动词，它表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式，所表达的含义往往与客观事实相反，意为“原想”，“本以为”等。
E.g.（1）We never thought a team of girls could beat us. This is the most unlucky day of my life.
我们本以为女队绝不可能打败我们，这是我一生中最不幸的日子。
（2）I believed he would not come to see me again.我本以为他再也不会来看我了。
5、在条件和时间状语从句中，用一般过去时表示过去将来时。
E.g.Father told me that he would buy me a computer if he made enough money.
爸爸告诉我，如果他挣了足够的钱，他将给我买台电脑。
6、用于since从句，表示“以过去某个动作的发生作为时间起点，一直持续到现在”的时间段。
E.g. （1）He has been in hospital since he became ill.（2）It’s 3 years since my brother joined the Party.
下列句型中常用现在完成时
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时
This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时
7、before和after引导的时间状语从句所表示的动作与主句动作前后紧凑时，由于before和 after本身自己已经说明了两个动作的先后关系，所以这两个动作都可以用一般过去时。当然从句或主句中发生在前面的动作也可以用过去完成时，另一个发生在后面的动作则用一般过去时。
E.g.（1）After I finished/ had finished my homework, I went to bed last night.
（2）Before I arrived the station , the train left/had left.
8、常用一般过去时的结构：（1）Why didn’t you（I）think of that? （2）I didn’t notice it.
（3）I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
（4）I didn’t recognize him.
三、一般将来时（will/shall＋动原）:
（一）基本用法:一般将来时表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态,常与next Sunday morning, next month, next time tomorrow,tomorrow afternoon , in a few days ,tomorrow, next week, in a month, soon, later on(稍后)等连用。
E.g. We shall have a lot of rain next month.
（二）将来时几种表达的用法及区别：
一）be going to
表示迹象表明要发生某事或“计划、打算、安排将要做的事”时，主语只能是人
说话人说话之前已考虑过的
主语是物时，表示说话人根据某种迹象主观推测可能发生的事
不能用于含有条件状语从句的主句中
二）will
表示将要发生某事或主语的“意愿”
说话人未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定或考虑到
表示客观规律必然发生的
可用于含有条件句的主句或从句中表示“意愿”
三）be to do
表示安排、计划要做的事
与第二人称连用，表示转述第三者的话
表示吩咐、命令（相当于should / must）、禁止，可能性
表示“能”、“该”、“想要”、“注定、不可避免”
四）be about to
表示动作马上发生；句中不能接at once, immediately和表示时间状语或状语从句；常有“be about to…..when”结构；
五）be due to
表示与时间表,旅行计划等有关
E.g. 一）（1）Look at the dark clouds.It’s going to rain. （2）I’m going to wash the car if I have time.
（3）--Ann is in hospital. --Yes, I know. I’m going to visit her tomorrow.
二）--Ann is in hospital. --Oh,really? I didn’t know. I’ll go and visit her.
三）（1）I think we are to meet again many years later.
（2）Are we to hand in the papers at 10:30?
四）Autumn is about to start.
五）（1）The train is due to leave at 7:00. （2）He is due to leave very soon.
（三）特殊用法：1、表趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、move,、sail、 leave等可用进行时态表示按计划即将发生的动作. E.g.I’m leaving for Beijing.
2、在含有时间或条件状语从句复合句中，主句通常使用一般将来时，从句常用一般现在时代表一般将来时。E.g.I’ll ring you up as soon as she comes back.
3、It + be + 一段时间 + before 从句。这个句式分两种情况①如果主句用将来时，则从句用一般现在时表将来时。意为“多长……以后将会……发生某事”②如果主句用过去时，从句也用过去时。意为“多长……后发生了某事。”E.g.（1） It won’t be long before he succeeds. ( = He will succeed soom.)
（2）It was ten years before they met again. ( = They met again ten years later. )
四、过去将来时（would＋动原）
（一）基本用法: “would＋动词原形”表示过去习惯性的动作，此时，不管什么人称，都可用would。
E.g.When he was a child he would get up early．
（二）过去将来时的几种表达：
(1)was／were＋going to＋动词原形 E.g. He said he was going to try．
(2)was／were＋to＋动词原形 E.g.They said the railway was to be opened to traffic on May Day．
(3)was／were about to＋动词原形E.g. We were about to go out when it began to rain．
（三）特殊用法：1、在时间和条件状语从句中，常用一般过去时来表示过去将来时。
E.g. He said he would come to see you when he had time．
2、表趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、move,、sail、 leave等可用过去进行时表将来.
E.g.I didn't know when they were coming again．
五、现在完成时（have/has＋p.p.）
（一）基本用法：1、表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作，常与for, since, yet, till/until, in the past years, always, recently ,up to now= so far= by now= till now, just, ever, never, recently, in the last/ past few years, in recent years, since two years ago, for a few days等连用。
E.g.I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.
2、表示从过去已经开始，持续到现在,也许还会持续下去的动作或状态。常与“for+一段时间，since+时间点”表述的时间状语连用，since用来说明动作起始时间; for用来说明动作延续时间长度。【注】有些瞬间性词（终止性动词）不能和表示一段时间的时间状语连用。要连用时须用状态动词，要将终止性动词改为相应的延续性动词或短语，其方法有：1）改为相应的延续性动词： buy- have, borrow-keep, catch/get a cold- have a cold, get to know-know, become-be等。E.g.I have kept the library book for 2 weeks.(borrow) 这本图书我已借了两周。
2）改为“be+名词”：join the army- be a soldier(in the army), join the Party/League- be a Party/League member, go to school-be a student等。
E.g. My elder brother has been a soldier (in the army)since 3 years ago.自从三年前，我哥哥就参军了。
3) 改为“be+形容词/副词”：die-be dead, fall asleep-be asleep, open-be open, close-be closed, leave- be away(from), begin/start-be on, get up-be up, shut/turn off- be off,go out-be out
E.g. The meeting has been on for ten minutes.(begin/start)
4）go/ come/ get/ arrive/ reach/+地点副词（如here, there, upstairs, downstairs等( be +地点副词
E.g. Mr. White has been in China for 5 months.
5）改为“ be+介词短语”: go to/ come to/ get to/ arrive in(at)/ reach( be in/at+地点名词
【注】marry是瞬间性动作，不能和for +时间段的状语连用。要表示状态的用 has been married to sb.“和某人结婚”是marry to sb. E.g. 他已完成工作三小时了。He has finished the work for three hours.（×）
He finished the work three hours ago. （√）
He has been through(with)the work for three hours. （√）
It is/has been three hours since he finished the work.” （√）
附：since的四种用法
①since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。
E.g. I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。
②since +一段时间+ ago。E.g. I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。
③since +从句。 E.g. Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。
④It is / has been + 一段时间+ since 从句…，从句动词通常用过去时，主句用完成时。
E.g.It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。
【注】It is +一段时间+ since+ … +瞬间动词的过去式。“自从…以来有多长时间了”。
E.g. It is/ has been 10 years since I last saw him. 从我上次见到他以来已经10年了。
It is +一段时间+ since+ … +延续动词的过去式。“自从不…以来有多长时间了”
E.g. It is/ has been 10 years since I lived in Shanghai. 自从我不住在上海有十年了。
（二）特殊用法：1、在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可代替一般将来时，表示将来某时完成的动作。E.g.（1）I’ll go to your home when I have finished my homework.
（2）If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
2、“have been to ＋地点”与“have gone to＋地点”的区别：
★have / has been (to) 表示“曾经去过”某地，说话时此人已经回来了，说话的时候已不在去过的地方,现在在对方的身边,侧重指经历。 E.g. He has been to Paris three times.
★have / has gone (to) 表示某人“已经去了”某地，说话的时候,去某地的人不在场,可能到达某地,也可能在去某地的路上,反正不在说话者的身边。 E.g. He has gone to Paris.
3、用于现在完成时的典型句型和场合：（1）It is the first / second , etc, + time…. that从句用现在完成时。
E.g. It is the first time that I have visited the city.
【注】It’s（high）time that从句（过去式）E.g.It is time that we went to school.
（2）This is the+ 序数词/最高级+ that从句用现在完成时。E.g.This is the first time (that) I’ve heard him sing.
(3) This(That / It)is the only … + that 从句用现在完成时。
E.g.It/This/That is the only party that I have ever really enjoyed in my life.
(4)句中有so far、（for/during）the past（last）years（months…）、up to now/until now等短语则句中谓语用现在完成时。 E.g.①She hasn’t had any friends so far. ②In the past two years I’ve seen him three times.
(5) till / until从句中延续动词用于肯定句，表示"做……直到…”;瞬间动词用于否定句，表示"到……，才……"。E.g.①He didn't come back until ten o'clock. 他到10 点才回来 ②He slept until ten o'clock.他一直睡到10点。
（7）现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：
类别
一般过去时
现在完成时
含义不同
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，侧重于说明过去的事实，与现在没有联系。
表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，也可表示过去已经开始并延续到现在的动作，与现在有着密切的联系。
时间状语不同
常与表示过去的时间状语连用（two years ago，last night ,yesterday, last Sunday morning, two hours ago, just now, the other day, once upon a time, the other day, in 1982等）提问时用when.
常与for或since引导的表示从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间连用（since1990 ，since two years ago,
since last night，for two weeks， recently等）提问时how long.
六、过去完成时（had ＋ p.p.）
（一）基本用法: 1、过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或者某一动作之前完成的动作或状态；句中常用…before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 等词引导的时间状语。用好过去完成时,关键在于理解它的时间是“过去的过去” E.g.（1）By the end of last year we had built five new houses.
（2）I had learnt 5000 words before I entered the university.
2、过去完成时的动词还表示过去某一时刻之前发生的动作或者状态持续到过去某个时间或者持续下去。
E.g.Before he slept, he had worked for 12 hours.
3、want /think/hope/plan/mean/expect/intend/suppose等动词的过去完成时＋不定式的一般式（等于这些动词的一般过去式后接不定式的完成式）,表示过去为曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等。
E.g.（1）I had meant to come, but something happened.（＝ I meant to have come, but something happened. ）
（2）I had intended to speak at the meeting, but time didn’t permit. （＝ I intended to have spoken at the meeting, but time didn’t permit. ）
（二）特殊用法：1、一些特殊句型中用过去完成时:（1）It/This/That was the first （second/third…）time＋that从句用过去完成时。 （2）It/This/That was the only…＋that从句用过去完成时。
（3）It/This/That was the+序数词/最高级… ＋ that从句用过去完成时。
2、在by,by the end of ,by the time,until,before,since后接表过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。
E.g.（1）By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars.
（2）The train had left before we reached the station.（3）By 8:00a.m. yesterday, we had arrived the park.
3、表示“一……就”的几个句型：
（1）Hardly had+主语+过去分词+when +一般过去时。
（2）No sooner had+主语+过去分词+than+一般过去时。
（3）Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词+ when + 一般过去时。
E.g. ①We had hardly heard the news when he cried. ②No sooner had he bought the car than he sold it.
4、过去完成时表示与过去相反的假设：过去完成时此种用法常见于as if\if\if only分句中及I wish\I’d rather…宾语从句中，用于I had expected\thought\intended\meant…中表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算或企图。
E.g.We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
5、一般过去时和过去完成时的用法区别：
类别
一般过去时
过去完成时
参照时间点不同
表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，侧重于说明过去的事实，与现在没有联系。
表示过去过去完成时则是对过去某一时刻而言。
时间状语不同
常与表示过去的时间状语连用（in 1990, two years ago，last night）提问时用when.
常与by 和before 引导的短语表示，如：by that time, by the end of…, before 2000, by the time +句子等。
七、现在完成进行时（have/has been v--ing）
（一）基本用法:表示现在以前一段时间里一直在进行的动作,这一动作可能仍在进行,也可能已停止。
E.g.He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00./ It has been raining for two days.
（二）特殊用法：现在完成进行时与现在完成时的区别:
（1）现在完成时表示一个已经完成的动作,而现在完成进行时表示一个正在进行的动作还未结束，还要继续下去。 E.g. I′ve been reading this book for two hours, but I haven′t finished it. （2）现在完成时只陈述一个事实,但现在完成进行时强调动作延续时间的长久或带感情色彩。
E.g.I have waited three hours. I have been waiting three hours.
八、现在进行时（ be＋v--ing ）:
（一）基本用法：1、表示说话人在说话时正在进行的动作,或不断重复的动作或目前这个阶段（ 不一定是说话的时候 ）正在进行的动作, 常用now作标志。
E.g. (1)We’re having a meeting. (2) He is teaching in a school.
2、表示当前一段时间内的活动或现阶段正在进行的动作.（说话时这个动作并不一定正在进行。）
E.g. (1)We are working on the farm these days. (2)I’m writing a book this month.
（二）特殊用法：1、现在进行时可表按照现在计划、安排近期内即将发生的动作，谓语动词多为go\come\leave\start\ arrive等位置移动动词。 E.g.(1)I’m leaving tomorrow.（2）They are getting married next week.
2、用于表示一种强烈感情色彩，常与频度副词always/forever/constantly /continuously等连用，多半表示说话者不满、厌烦等。而一般现在时则侧重于叙述事实，感情色彩较淡。E.g.（1）He is always helping other.
3、“系动词+介词或副词”也表示进行时的意义. E.g. The bridge is under construction.
4、用进行时表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。E.g. It's getting warmer and warmer.
5、下列动词不宜用进行时:（1）事实状态的动词。如：have, belong to, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue ,own, hold等。E.g.①I have two brothers.②This house belongs to my sister.
（2）心理状态的动词。如：know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate like, fear等。E.g.（1）I need your help.（2）He loves her very much.
（3） 瞬间动词。如：accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。E.g.I accept your advice.
（4）系动词。如：seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。E.g. You seem a little tired.
6、一般现在时与现在进行时的用法区别：
类别
一般现在时
现在进行时
含义不同
（1）表示动作的经常性、习惯性或反复性。（2）用于说明客观事实，不带感情色彩。
（1）表示动作正在进行，强调动作的暂时性和未完成性。（2）与always等连用则带有感情色彩。（3）有些表示状态的动作和表示情感的动词，不能用于进行时，即使表示说话时正在进行的动作也通常用一般现在时如：like,hate,love，have等。
时间状语不同
常与usually, often, sometimes, at times, every day等连用
常用now作标志
相似点
有些表示身体感觉的词，如ache（痛）,feel等，用一般现在时和现在进行时没有多大差别。
E.g. （1）I usually wear school clothes.(经常性动作) But I’m not wearing school clothes today.
（2）He always comes back home from school late.（事实）
The boy is always making a noise in class.（厌恶）
Han Mei is always helping others.（赞扬）
（3）She has a computer.（√） She is having a computer. （×）
I wish a can fly like a bird. （√） I’m wishing I can fly like a bird. （×）
（4）——How do you feel today? / How are you feeling today?
——My teeth ache ./ My teeth are aching.
九、过去进行时（was/were ＋v--ing ）
（一）基本用法:表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作, 常与then, at that time, this time yesterday, the whole morning yesterday, at 10:00 last Sunday night , all day, from nine to ten last evening，when, while等连用。
E.g.（1）He was playing while I was studying.
（二）特殊用法：
1、过去进行时与always/forever/constantly /continuously等连用,表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,。
E.g.He was always thinking of other, never thinking of himself. 他总是考虑别人, 从未考虑自己.
2、表过去某一时间看来将要发生的动作，常适于go, come, leave, die, arrive, start, fly fall asleep等瞬间动词。
E.g.（1）Mr. Green was flying to Guangzhou the next week.
（2）I was just falling asleep when someone knocked on the door.
3、过去进行时和一般过去时的区别:
类别
一般过去时
过去进行时
含义不同
（1）表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，侧重于说明过去的事实，与现在没有联系，动作已完成。（2）与always连用，表示过去经常或反复的动作但一般过去时只是说明事实。
（1）表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作，说明动作的未完成性、持久性，而一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，说明动作已完成。（2）与always连用，则带有一定的感情色彩。
时间状语不同
常与表示过去的时间状语连用（in 1990, two years ago，last night）提问时用when.
常与then, at that time, this time yesterday, the whole morning yesterday, at 10:00 last Sunday night , from nine to ten last evening等连用。
相似点
都可以与always连用
E.g.（1）Bruce was writing a letter to his parents last night.（信不一定写完）
Bruce wrote a letter to his parents last night.（信写完了）
（2）He always got up very late.（事实） He was always getting up late.（抱怨）
动词时态的呼应
一、定义：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应。
二、时态的呼应的一般情况：
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态。
E.g.She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：
（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时。
E.g.①She said she was busy then. ②I was reading a famous novel when he came in.
(2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时。
E.g.I didn’t know that she had been to London twice.
(3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时。
E.g.They didn’t know when they would have a rest.
(4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时。
E.g.When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round.
(5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时。
E.g.Tome said he was born in 1975.
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