2012高考英语语法金点拨：非谓语动词
主动语态
被动语态
否定式
句法功能
一般式
进行式
完成式
一般式
完成式
前面直接加not
主
宾
表
定
状
补
动词不定式
to do
to be doing
to have done
to be done
to have been done
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动词ing
doing
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having done
being done
having been done
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过去分词
? done vt.(被动完成) risen vi (主动完成)
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注：1.动词不定式的一般式所表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行；进行式所表示的动作正在进行；而完成式所表示的动作则在谓语动词的动作之前发生。
2.动词ing的一般式所表示的动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要看语境；而完成式所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。
He came here to borrow a book. I pretended to be reading when mother came in.
She is said to have been sent to Europe on business Being a student, he was interested in books.
Having done his homework, he went to bed. The question being discussed is important.
一．不定式和-ing形式作主语的区别
1. -ing和不定式都可以作主语，-ing作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性行为，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的将来动作。
Smoking is forbidden here．这里禁止抽烟。(抽象) Learning a foreign language is very useful.
It is not very good for you to smoke so much．你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。(具体)
2.不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。常见句型有it is adj. (of/for sb.) to do sth.
It took will and patience to do anything well. It is nice of you to say so.
3..-ing在“It is no use/ no good/useless + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。
It is no good writing to him; he never answers letters.写信给他不妥，他从来不回信。
It is no good crying the spilt milk.覆水难收
4.. 主表对称原则Seeing is believing. To see is to believe.
二．不定式和ing形式作宾语的区别
1.-ing形式作宾语通常表示一般的、经常性的行为，而不定式作宾语表示特定的、具体的、一次性动作
I like swimming , but I don’t like to swim today.
2. 1)有些动词或短语要求只接不定式作宾语：hope/ manage/ refuse/ pretend/ plan/ offer/ decide/ agree/ fail/ afford/ happen/ would like /would love / be likely + to do
2)有些动词或短语只接ing作宾语：admit 承认 ； excuse 原谅 ； practise 练习； appreciate 欣赏； finish 完成； prevent 防止； avoid 避免； forgive 宽恕； delay 耽搁； imagine 想象； keep 保留； risk 冒险； dislike 讨厌； mind 在意； miss 错过； suggest 建议； enjoy 喜欢； can’t stand 忍不住； feel like 想要；give up 放弃； put off 推迟；object to反对; look forward to期望, keep on一直, set about着手,
She finished reading the book (看完这本书）yesterday.
Will you admit having broken the window? 你承认不承认打破了窗户？
He put off making a decision till he had more information. 在获得详情之前，他没有急于作出决定。
Do you feel like taking a walk? 你要不要去散步？
We are looking forward to coming to China. 我们期待着来中国。
Do you mind my smoking in the room？你介意我在室内吸烟吗？
三．作宾补时,三者的区别
1.有些动词接不定式作宾补：（和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成；表一次性动作）
①Tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn?/ encourage/ get/ ask + sb to do
He asked me to finish it in time. The teacher told me to clean the blackboard.
②feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听);?have \ make\ let(三使)；see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) + sb do等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to.
I heard him call me several times. I heard her sing the song many times. Tom was made to sing.
2.有些动词接ing作宾补： feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听);?have \get \ leave\keep (四使)；see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) +sb doing (强调动作主动，正在进行，或尚未完成；延续性动词)
I found her listening to the radio. I heard her singing the song when I passed her room.
3. 有些动词接过去分词作宾补：feel(一感); hear\ listen to(二听); make\ let \get\ have\ leave\ keep\ (六使)；see\ watch\ observe\ notice\ look at\ find (六看) +sb done （表动作被动完成，多强调状态）
Speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. We found the village greatly changed.
I heard the song sung in English many times.
四．做表语时三者的区别
1.不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。
My job is to help the patient.（ 说明主语具体内容） His wish is to buy a sleeping car in the near future．
2 -ing形式作表语：
①表示抽象的、一般性的行为。（说明主语具体内容，主表可换位） His hobby is collecting stamps． Her job is looking after the child.
②表“令人如何如何”（主语所具有的特征），如： astonishing\ exciting\ moving\ surprising\ tiring\ interesting\ amusing\ shocking\ worrying
His report is interesting. The music sounds exciting.
3 V-ed：（主语所处的状态）表“让人感到如何如何”如：astonished\ excited\ moved\ surprised\ tired\ interested\ amused\ shocked\ worried\ disappointed\ drunk\ frightened\ married\ confused\ pleased\ puzzled\ satisfied等
The cups are broken. She is interested in the job.
Cleaning women in big cities usually get paid by the hour.
五．作定语时,三者的区别
1.不定式作定语表未来的动作且后置，若为动宾关系，动词须为及物动词，常常修饰代词anything/something/noting，名词 chance/ opportunity等 或由序数或形容词最高级修饰的名词。
You are the third one to enter the room. I have something important to say.
I need a pen to write with. The question to be discussed tomorrow will be important.
2.-ing作定语①多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性可换为for+doing）
He has a reading room. a sleeping car（a car for sleeping）
②表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行，可换为定语从句;
a sleeping boy The girl gathering flowers is beautiful.
The question being discussed now is important.
3.过去分词作定语有（动宾关系，表完成）即被动完成，可换为定语从句。
a broken cup The question discussed yesterday is important.
All the people invited to the meeting are VIP. ((All the people who are invited to the meeting are VIP. )
We can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground. (We can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. )
六. 作状语时,三者的区别
1不定式作状语通常表示①原因(谓动之前) ②目的(谓动之后)(可用so as to/in order to替换 ) ③结果/程度(意想不到的结果，常为only to do)
We were very excited to hear the news．(原因) To get there on time I got up very early. （目的）
He travelled around the world to give lectures.（目的）
He rushed to school only to find there was nobody there.（结果）
You are brave enough to raise objections at meeting.（程度）
2-ing或过去分词作状语通常表示①原因 ②时间 ③条件 ④让步 ⑤结果 ⑥伴随（逗号）
(主语一致性；-ing表主动，过去分词表被动)
Hearing a sound ,the baby stopped crying. （原因） Given an apple, the child stopped crying. （条件）
Not satisfied with the result, we decided to do the experiment again.（原因）
Having lived in the country for many years, she knows how to grow vegetables.（原因）
Not having received any news from home for a long time ,she is becoming more and more homesick.（原因）
When/If heated, ice will be changed into water.（条件）
Seen from the top of the mountain, the village looks very small.（时间）
Being very small, computers are widely used.（原因）
His parents died, leaving him an orphan.（结果） He cut off the electricity , preventing an accident.（结果）
The teacher entered the room ,followed by some students.(伴随)
The teacher entered the room, following some students.(伴随)
非谓语动词特殊用法：
一.下列情况用不定式：
①.sth. be adj(hard\difficult\easy\heavy) to do The question is difficult to answer.
②.sb. have sth. to do I have a lot of work to do.
③.There be sth. to do\to be done There is nothing to talk about.
④.find (think\feel\consider\make\believe) it adj to do sth
⑤There is no need to do.
⑥一般介词后面不可用不定式作宾语，（except, but除外）
He has no choice but to lie down and sleep. She did nothing but cry.
注：不定式作结果/程度状语常见五种结构:
①so….as to do 如此…以致 ②such…as to do如此…以致③enough(…)to do 足以 ④too…to do… 太…而不能⑤only to do 结果/未曾料到------做了某事
二．在“have difficulty (trouble, problem, a hard time, fun, a good time) (+in) + doing； be busy (in) +doing； There is no point (in) + doing”等结构中， in常要省去。
The children are busy doing their homework.孩子们忙于做作业。
There is no point (in) making the simple experiments once again.再做一次这种简单的实验是毫无意义的。三．在（be）worth后面只能用-ing的主动态来表示被动意义。
His suggestion is worth considering,此句可转换成：His suggestion is worthy to be considered.
四．下列动词既可不定式作宾语也可不定式作宾补：want\expect\wish\promise +(sb) to do
五．get\ have \ leave\keep +sb doing (使…处于某状态) I’m sorry I’ve kept you waiting.
六．注意下列动词的用法：
allow \ advise\forbid\permit\intend?(sb) \consider（认为\考虑）sb to do\ doing
be used to do被用来做某事doing习惯做某事
can't help doing 情不自禁做某事\ to do不能帮助做某事
love， like ，prefer doing一般性经常动作\ to do 一次性动作
need，require，want (需要) doing= to be done
try to do 试图做某事\ doing 试着做某事
start，begin，continue,（两种形式意义区别不大）doing\ to do
stop to do 去做另一事\ doing 停止做某事
go on to do 继续做另一件事\ doing 继续做同一件事
mean to do 想要做某事\ doing 意味做某事
remember, forget, regret doing ing动作先于谓动\ to do 不定式动作后于谓动
catch + sb doing (撞见某人正在做某事) I caught a man stealing my purse.
七．固定搭配 ：必须用-ed做状语
be located in be fixed on be buried in be locked be lost in thought be dressed in
be caught in the rain be separated from be satisfied with be seated be engaged in be armed with
eg.Lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.
八．独立成分作状语
Generally speaking 一般来说 judging from 根据…来判断
Frankly speaking 坦白的说 considering 考虑到
To tell you the truth 说实话
九．特殊逻辑主语及复合结构
1. 名词/主格代词+不定式(作状语)He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
特殊结构：1) It +be +adj +for sb to do sth.表示“做某事对某人来说怎么样”。（此处形容词描述事情。）
Eg. It is very important for us to learn English.
2) It +be +adj +of sb to do sth 表示“做某事某人怎么样”（此处形容词描述人的品质、修养等。）
Eg.It is kind of you to help me.
2主格代词/名词+doing (作状语) eg.The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。 3形物代/名词所有格+doing(作主语,)eg.His arriving added to our difficulties.
My brother’s telling lies made me very angry.
4 形物代/宾格/名词所有格/名词普通格+doing (作宾语 )eg.He suggested our/us trying it once again.
5主格代词/名词+done (作状语) Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
十．独立主格结构 独立主格结构有两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词或其他的一些词。前后两
部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况
等。(主从句主语不一致，从句可变为非谓语，带有自己的逻辑主语)
常见的独立主格结构有如下几种： 1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如： The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn”t know what to say. 姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。 Time permitting (= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow. 如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。 2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如： The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved. 随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。 Her glasses broken (= Because her glasses were broken), she couldn”t see the words on the blackboard. 由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。 3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如： He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。 4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如： An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。 So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off. 这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。 5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如： He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。 6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如： The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。 Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door. 玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。 7. There being +名词（代词）如： There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。 There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。 8. It being +名词（代词）如： It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。 It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 由于今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。 独立主格结构的特点： 1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。 2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系。 3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
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