B7时态和语态
考 纲 解 读
1.高考考查的八种动词时态是:一般现在时;一般过去时;一般将来时;现在进行时;过去进行时;现在完成时;过去完成时;过去将来时。
2.容易混淆的三组动词时态是:一般过去时和现在完成时;一般过去时和过去完成时;过去完成时和现在完成时。
3.各种时态及含情态动词的被动形式。
考 情 解 读
考点
题量
年份
一般体
进行体
完成体
完成进行体
被动语态
2008
10
7
9
1
7
2009
18
5
11
1
7
2010
9
5
10
8
8
2011
13
6
12
2
6
2012
16
8
5
1
5
趋 势 解 读
高考中动词的时态和语态命题,大部分试卷都有2~3道小题。
2013年对于动词时态和语态的考查仍可能是高考的测试重点。试题将继续呈现“情景立意”和“能力立意”的原则,即在考查固定句式中的时态和语态的同时,注意在语境中考查时态和语态。
He works in Beijing and knows London very well, for he ________there for a long time.
A.lived B.lives
C.has lived D.had lived
易误选C
有些考生认为,for a long time表示持续时间,应与现在完成时连用,因而误选C项。其实,现在完成时强调某个动作从过去某时开始一直持续到现在,甚至可能继续下去。结合语境可知,“在伦敦居住多年”这个动作并没有持续到现在,仅是过去发生的一个行为,“在那里居住过”而已,故答案为A。
(2011·浙江卷)The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant ________in his place, but luckily, everything was going on smoothly.
A.gave B.gives
C.was giving D.had given
易误选A
有些考生看到was worried about,就马上想到用一般过去时,于是误选A。根据句意“经理很担心现在助手正在代他参加的新闻发布会……”可知,give所表示的动作和was worried这一动作同时发生,且根据语意可知用过去进行时,故答案为C。
As soon as he comes back, I'll tell him when ________and see him.
A.you will come
B.will you come
C.you come
D.do you come
易误选C
许多考生一看到句中的when,就以为这是一个时间状语从句,认为要用一般现在时表示将来,故误选了C。其实,句中的时态“标志”词when不是引导一个时间状语从句,而是引导一个宾语从句,也就是说,它的意思不是“当……的时候”,而是表示“什么时候”。答案为A。
—Did you watch the basketball match yesterday?
—Yes, I did. You know, my brother ________in the match.
A.is playing B.was playing
C.has played D.had played
易误选D
考生很容易误选D项。本题是对具体语境的考查。分析语境可知,选B。选项D为过去完成时,它表示过去的过去,通常强调动作的先后,用在本题中,表示“我的弟弟”在“我”观看这次比赛之前就已经打完了这场比赛,显然,这与题干中的“Yes, I did.”意思不符。
Look at the timetable. Hurry up! Flight 4026 ________off at 18:20.
A.takes B.took
C.will be taken D.has taken
易误选C
考生很容易误选C项,认为动词短语take off与Flight 4026之间为动宾关系,且18:20在题目中为一个表示将来的时间。实际上,take off表示“(飞机等)起飞”时没有被动语态,只能用主动形式(要用主动的形式来表示被动的含义)。又因为表示位置移动的动词,如come, leave, take off,可以用一般现在时表示将来,所表示事件是“预先确定好”、“计划好”的,故选A。
Sarah, hurry up. I'm afraid you won't have time to ______ before the party.
A.get changed B.get change
C.get changing D.get to change
易误选D
考生很有可能误选D项。在英语中,除了可以用be构成被动语态之外,也可以用get来构成被动语态,这里的get changed相当于get dressed,意为“换衣服”。答案为A。
基 础 盘 点
1.八种基本时态含义、结构、用法。
2.八种基本时态被动语态含义、结构、用法。
热 门 考 点
1.一般现在时/一般过去时;2.完成时;3.进行时;4.主动语态和被动语态。
关 注 节 点
2“热”
1“难”:2
热点7·1
(2012·课标全国Ⅰ卷)I had been working on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers ________before my eyes.
A.swim B.swum C.swam D.had swum
答案 C [由前半部分had been working可知描述为过去的事情,后半部分描述做数学题的情景,故选C。]
①(2012·天津卷)The three of us ________around Europe for about a month last summer.
A.travelled B.have travelled C.had travelled D.travel
答案 A [句意:去年夏天,我们三个人在欧洲旅行了大约一个月。根据时间状语last summer可知用一般过去时,故答案选A项。]
②(2011·新课标全国卷)Planning so far ahead ________no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.
A.made B.is making C.makes D.has made
答案 C [句意:这么早做计划没有什么意义——到明年很多事情会发生变化。本题考查时态。一般现在时指经常发生的事或存在的状态,由译文可知本句表达目前的状况,符合一般现在时的概念,故答案为C项。]
③(2011·全国Ⅱ卷)If you don't like the drink you ________,just leave it and try a different one.
A.ordered B.are ordering C.will order D.had ordered
答案 A [句意:如果你不喜欢你点的饮料,那就别喝了,试试其他的(饮料)吧。本题考查动词时态。由语境可知,饮料是刚才点的,是过去发生的事情,故应用一般过去时。]
④(2011·山东卷)When I got on the bus, I ________I had left my wallet at home.
A.was realizing B.realized C.have realized D.would realize
答案 B [句意:当我上了公共汽车的时候,我意识到我把钱包忘在家里了。本题考查动词时态。题干在陈述过去发生的事情,要用一般过去时。A是过去进行时;C是现在完成时;D是过去将来时,均与语境不符。]
⑤(2011·江苏卷)The fact that so many people still smoke in public places ________that we may need a nationwide campaign to raise awareness of the risks of smoking.
A.suggest B.suggests C.suggested D.suggesting
答案 B [句意:仍有许多人在公共场所吸烟这一事实表明我们可能需要一次全国范围内的运动来提高人们对吸烟危害的认识。本句说明了一个现在存在的事实,故用一般现在时。主句的主语是the fact,故谓语用动词的第三人称单数形式suggests。suggest在此句中的意思是“表明”,并非“建议”。]
⑥(2011·北京卷)—That must have been a long trip.
—Yeah, it ________us a whole week to get there.
A.takes B.has taken C.took D.was taking
答案 C [句意:——那肯定是一次很长的旅程。——是的,我们花了整整一周的时间才到达那里。本题考查动词的时态。must have done用来表示对过去事实的肯定推测,由此判断语境指过去,故排除A项;B项为现在完成时,强调对现在造成的结果或影响,属于现在时态范畴,故排除;D项为过去进行时,表示过去正在进行的动作,不符合语境,也应排除。题干只是在陈述过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时。故选C。],
一般现在时和一般过去时
1.一般现在时
(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作和现在的状态、特征。句中常用often, usually, every day等时间状语。
Every few years, the coal workers have their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
每隔几年,煤矿工人们都要对肺部进行X光检查,以确保身体健康。
(2)表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象,无论在什么情况下都用一般现在时表示。
The geography teacher told us the earth travels around the sun.
地理老师告诉我们地球围绕太阳转。
(3)在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,用现在时代替将来时。
If you come this afternoon, we'll have a meeting.
如果下午你来,我们就开会。
(4)表示按计划、时刻表规定要发生的动作,用一般现在时表将来,但限于少数动词。如begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。
The flight takes off at 2:30 every Wednesday and Friday.
飞机每星期三、五2:30起飞。
2.一般过去时
表示过去的事情、动作或状态,常与表示过去的时间状语连用(或上下文语境有暗示);用于表示过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到的事。
Excuse me. I didn't realize I was blocking your way.
热点7·2
(2012·湖南卷)—I remember you were a talented pianist at college. Can you play the piano for me?
—Sorry, I ________the piano for years.
A.don't play B.wasn't playing C.haven't played D.hadn't played
答案 C [考查时态,for years是解题关键。]
①(2012·江西卷)—Look! Somebody ________the sofa.
—Well, it wasn't me. I didn't do it.
A.is cleaning B.was cleaning C.has cleaned D.had cleaned
答案 C [句意:——瞧,已经有人打扫了沙发。——嗯,不是我,我没做过那件事。本题考查动词时态的基本用法。根据Look!可知,设空处表示现在的情况,故用现在时,排除B、D两项;A项表示现在正在进行,不符合句意要求。现在完成时表示该动作对目前所造成的影响或结果,即现在沙发很干净。]
②(2012·浙江卷)—Alvin, are you coming with us?
—I'd love to, but something unexpected ________.
A.has come up B.was coming up C.had come up D.would come up
答案 A [句意:——阿尔文,你和我们一起来吗?——我很愿意去,不过发生了一些意外的事情。此题考查动词的时态。根据句意,此处是指因为发生了一些意外的事情,造成了“我”不能去,符合现在完成时“过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响”,故选A。B项表示(过去)即将来临;C项表示过去的过去;D项表示过去将来,均不符合语境。]
③(2012·江苏卷)The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he ________some European business partners.
A.would meet B.is meeting C.meets D.had met
答案 D [句意:据说,经理已经从巴黎返回了,他在巴黎会见了一些欧洲的生意伙伴。句子中涉及三个动词say, arrive和meet。 is said属于一般现在时,arrive发生在is said之前,为过去发生的事情,meet发生在arrive之前,属于“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。本题的难度在于前面使用的是被动语态,从而混淆了考生的视线。其实,我们可以将其还原为主动语态来分析:They say the manager has arrived back from Paris where he had met some European business partners. arrive为发生在过去的动作,使用过去完成时是强调其对过去的影响,故选D。]
④(2011·江苏卷)—Tommy is planning to buy a car.
—I know. By next month, he ________enough for a used one.
A.saves B.saved C.will save D.will have saved
答案 D [句意:——Tommy正计划买辆车。——我知道。到下个月为止他就能攒够钱买一辆二手车了。“by+表将来的时间”作状语,句子(主句)部分谓语动词通常采用将来完成时,故选择D项。]
⑤(2011·安徽卷)—I didn't ask for the name list. Why ________on my desk?
—I put it there just now in case you needed it.
A.does it land B.has it landed C.will it land D.had it landed
答案 B [句意:——我没有要名单,为什么名单会在我的桌子上?——我刚刚放在那儿的,以防你需要。本题考查动词的时态。根据句意可知名单现在在桌子上,故用现在时,排除C、D两项;A项为一般现在时,表示习惯性或经常性的动作,故排除;这里强调land这一动作对现在产生的结果或影响,即:名单已经在桌子上,故用现在完成时,所以选择B项。]
⑥(2011·辽宁卷)By the time Jack returned home from England, his son ________from college.
A.graduated B.has graduated
C.had been graduating D.had graduated
答案 D [句意:到杰克从英国回家的时候,他的儿子已经大学毕业了。return所表示的动作发生在过去,graduate所表示的动作发生在他回家之前,是“过去的过去”,所以用过去完成时态。]
⑦(2011·四川卷)—What a mistake!
—Yes, I ________his doing it another way, but without success.
A.was suggesting B.will suggest C.would suggest D.had suggested
答案 D [句意:“竟犯了这样的错误!”“是啊。我曾建议他用另外一种方法做,但没有成功”。was suggesting是过去进行时;will suggest是一般将来时;would suggest是过去将来时;had suggested是过去完成时。根据语境可知。suggest动作应发生在犯错误之前,即“过去的过去”,应使用过去完成时。]
⑧(2011·湖南卷)It is the most instructive lecture that I ________since I came to this school.
A.attended B.had attended C.am attending D.have attended
答案 D [句意:这是自从我到这所学校以来参加过的最有启发性的演讲。考查在特定语境中正确使用时态的能力。根据主句的谓语动词is和从句since I came to this school可以判断空格部分应用现在完成时,故选D项。]
⑨(2011·天津卷)In the last few years thousands of films ______all over the world.
A.have produced B.have been produced
C.are producing D.are being produced
答案 B [句意:在过去的几年里,全世界已经制作了成千上万部电影。in the last/past few years(在过去的几年里)通常与现在完成时连用;另外,根据句意及句子结构可知此句含有被动意义,所以用现在完成时态的被动语态形式。]
⑩(2010·山东卷)Up to now, the program ________thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
A.would save B.saves C.had saved D.has saved
答案 D [句意:迄今为止,这个项目已经救了好几千名儿童。如果没有这个项目,这些孩子早就死了。up to now相当于by now,常与现在完成时连用。故D项正确。]
?(2009·陕西卷)This is the first time we ________a film in the cinema together as a family.
A.see B.had seen C.saw D.have seen
答案 D [句意:这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。“This/It is the+序数词+time+that从句”为固定句型,that从句需用现在完成时。“It is time that sb did/should do sth”句型中,that从句需要用虚拟语气,意为“某人该做某事的时间到了”。],
现在完成时
1.考生要善于通过已经给出的时间状语、固定句型以及上下文的暗示准确判断应该使用哪种时态。如果句中出现了“for/over+一段时间”“since+过去时间”或时态为一般过去时的从句等或句中出现了already, never, yet等副词,往往要用现在完成时。
When you are home, give a call to let me know you have arrived safely.
当你到家时,给我打个电话好让我知道你已经安全到达。
2.下列情况下常用现在完成时。
(1)It is(has been)+一段时间+since从句
This(That/It)is the first(second...)time that+现在完成时
This is the first time we have seen a film in the cinema together as a family.
这是我们全家第一次到电影院看电影。
(2)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。
—When shall we restart our business?
—Not until we have finished our plan.
——什么时候我们重新开始我们的事业?
——直到我们已完成我们的计划。
过去完成时
1.过去完成时是一个相对的时态,考生做题时关键看该动作是否发生在题干中所给的过去的动作或过去的时间之前,如果是就用过去完成时,如果不是就用一般过去时。
Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they had received from China.
上个月,日本政府对从中国得到的援助表示感谢。
2.by, by the end of, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句,主句用过去完成时。
I had learnt 5,000 words before I entered the university.在我上大学前就学了5 000个单词。
3.表示“一……就……”的几个固定句型:Hardly/No sooner/Scarcely had+主语+过去分词+when/than/before+从句(一般过去时)。
Hardly(No sooner)had I got home when(than)the rain poured down.
我刚到家大雨就倾盆而下。
将来完成时
将来完成时表示到将来某一时间,某一动作将会完成,常用的时间状语为“by+将来的某个时间”。
By this time of next year, all of you will have become college students.
到明年的这个时候,你们大家就都成为大学生了。
一些动词的过去完成时的“特别”之意
intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可用来表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,属于虚拟语气。
I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
=I intended to have called on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算昨天去看你,但我有了一个不速之客。
热点7·3
(2012·安徽卷)After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading, only to be told that it ________.
A.was decorated B.had decorated
C.had been decorating D.was being decorated
答案 D [考查时态与语态。去阅览室却被告知正在被装修。]
(2012·辽宁卷)I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I ________to Shanghai.
A.will be flying B.will fly
C.have been flying D.have flown
答案 A [将来某个时间点正在进行。]
①(2012·福建卷)—When did the computer crash?
—This morning, while I ________the reading materials downloaded from some websites.
A.have sorted B.was sorting C.am sorting D.had sorted
答案 B [句意:——电脑什么时候死机了?——今天早了,当我正将从网站上下载的阅读材料进行分类的时候。本题考查过去进行时的用法。根据时间状语从句的连词while可知,电脑死机发生于“正在分类”的时候,需用进行时态,所以排除A和D;从题干第一句的时态和第二句中的时间状语this morning,可知需用过去时,所以排除C项。综上所述,答案为B项。]
②(2011·湖南卷)—Joan, what ________in your hand?
—Look! It's a birthday gift for my grandma.
A.had you held B.are you holding
C.do you hold D.will you hold
答案 B [句意:“琼,你手里拿着什么东西?”“看,是给我(外)祖母的生日礼物”。由句意及答语中的“Look!”可知此处表示动作正在进行。]
③(2011·浙江卷)The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant ________in his place,but luckily, everything was going on smoothly.
A.gave B.gives C.was giving D.had given
答案 C [句意:助理正在替经理举行新闻发布会,这使得经理很担心,但幸运的是,一切进展顺利。根据题干中的was worried及was going可知设空处表示过去正在进行的情况,故答案为C项。]
④(2011·新课标全国卷)When Alice came to, she did not know how long she ________there.
A.had been lying B.has been lying
C.was lying D.has lain
答案 A [句意:当爱丽丝苏醒过来的时候,她不知道自己已在那儿躺了多久。本题考查时态。由题意可知,“她躺在那儿”发生在came to和did not know之前且表示动作的延续,应用过去完成进行时,故答案为A项。]
⑤(2010·福建卷)—Guess what, we've got our visas for a short-term visit to the UK this summer.
—How nice! You ________a different culture then.
A.will be experiencing B.have experienced
C.have been experiencing D.will have experienced
答案 A [句意:——你猜怎么着,我们获得了今年夏季去英国进行短期访问的签证。——太棒了!到时候,你将会体验到不同的文化。本题考查动词的时态。由句意可知此处应该用将来时,而then表示将来的某个时间点,故用将来进行时。],
进行时
1.现在进行时
表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作;表近期特定的安排或计划;go, come等表示起止动作的动词可用进行时代替将来时;与always, often等频度副词连用,表示某种感情色彩。
I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing.
我一做完手头上的活就去图书馆。
※三类动词不宜用现在进行时
(1)感官动词、系动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look等。
(2)表示心理状态、情感的动词:like, love, hate, care, believe, want, mind, wish等。
(3)表示存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, have, own等。
2.过去进行时
(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
I was out of town at the time, so I don't know exactly how it was happening.
那时我不在镇上,因此我不知道那时候究竟发生了什么事情。
(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时,短暂性动作用一般过去时。
When she was reading the newspaper, Granny fell asleep.
奶奶读着报就睡着了。
3.现在完成进行时
(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,并且现在还在进行。
We have been working on this project for four hours. Let's have a rest.
我们工作已持续了四个小时,咱们休息一下吧!
(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作,在说话时刚刚结束。
Where have you been? We have been looking for you everywhere.
你刚才去了哪里?我们一直在到处找你。
4.将来进行时
将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有:at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1:30 to 4:30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow。
⑥(2012·东北三校第一次联考)Traffic conditions in Beijing ________for decades. At first people only complained about jams during rush hours, but today every hour is rush hour.
A.is worsening B.have worsened
C.have been worsening D.worsened
答案 C [句意:北京的交通条件很差已经几十年了。开始人们只是在交通高峰期拥堵时抱怨,但是现在人们时时都在抱怨,因为每时每刻是交通高峰期。根据句意可知应用现在完成进行时。故选C。],Daniel's family will be enjoying their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.
Daniel的一家人下星期这个时候将在黄山度假。
热点7·4
(2012·湖南卷)Don't worry. The hard work that you do now ________later in life.
A.will be repaid B.was being repaid
C.has been repaid D.was repaid
答案 A [句意:别担心,付出劳动会得到回报。考查被动语态。]
①(2012·天津卷)The letters for the boss ________on his desk but he didn't read them until three days later.
A.were put B.was put C.put D.has put
答案 A [句意:给老板的信放在他的桌子上,但他三天后才读。考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。根据语境及but分句的时态可知前半句也应该用过去时,故排除D项;又因为letters同put之间为被动关系,故排除C项;根据主语letters为可数名词复数可知B项不正确,所以选A项。]
②(2011·北京卷)Experiments of this kind ________in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.
A.have conducted B.have been conducted
C.had conducted D.had been conducted
答案 D [句意:早在第二次世界大战之前,这种实验就在美国和欧洲进行过了。根据句中的时间状语before the Second World War可知,应该用过去完成时态,故排除A、B两项。再根据谓语动词conduct和主语experiments之间为逻辑上的动宾关系可知,本题选D项。]
③(2011·安徽卷)—What do you think of store shopping in the future?
—Personally, I think it will exist along with home shopping but ________.
A.will never replace B.would never replace
C.will never be replaced D.would never be replaced
答案 C [句意:——你觉得商店购物的前景如何?——就我个人而言,我认为商店购物会与家居购物并存,但是绝不会被家居购物所取代。本题考查动词的时态与语态。根据句意可知此处应用一般将来时,故排除B和D两项;it指代store shopping,与replace之间为被动关系,故答案为C项。]
④(2011·湖南卷)In the near future, more advances in the robot technology ______ by scientists.
A.are making B.are made C.will make D.will be made
答案 D [句意:在不久的将来,科学家们将会在机器人技术方面取得更大的进步。考查动词的时态及语态。根据时间状语in the near future可以确定该句的时态为一般将来时,而句子的主语more advances和make之间是被动关系,故选D项。]
⑤(2011·上海卷)After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ________four days later.
A.rescued B.was rescued C.has rescued D.had been rescued
答案 B [考查时态。句意为:迷失在暴风雨四天后,一名海军成员被救起。由句中的时间状语four days later可知句子要用一般过去时,又a member of the navy team与rescue之间是被动关系,要用一般过去时的被动语态形式,故选B。],
主动语态和被动语态
做有关被动语态的题目可以分两步走:第一步确定正确的时态,第二步确定正确的语态。判断用主动语态还是用被动语态的根据是看主语与谓语动词之间的关系:如果是主谓关系则用主动语态,如果是动宾关系则用被动语态。
1.get+过去分词表被动
He fell and got hurt.
他摔倒受伤了。
2.主动形式表被动意义
(1)系动词look, feel, sound, smell, taste, seem, appear, go, prove, turn等+形容词/名词。
The dish tastes delicious.
这道菜味道可口。
(2)表示主语的某种属性的词:read, write, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, start, shut等,其主语往往是物。
The pen writes smoothly.
这支钢笔写起来流利。
—What about the books?
—Books of this kind sell well.
——这些书怎么样?
——这种书很畅销。
The door won't open.
门打不开。
1.学习动词的时态和语态时,切不可脱离实际运用的语境,一味死记硬背语法规则的条条框框。了解了八种常用时态的一些常用规则后,要留心以英语为母语者在实际生活中如何使用各种时态和语态。
2.建立时态的时、体概念(“时”即现在时、过去时、将来时、过去将来时;每个时又分四个“体”,即一般体、进行体、完成体、完成进行体)。
3.解决时态和语态问题,要遵循如下解题思路:
(1)这件事情说的是什么时候的事情或情况(定“时”);
(2)这个动作处于什么状态,是完成了,还是未完成,还是既不表完成又不表进行(定“体”);
(3)这个动词与主语的关系,是主动还是被动(定“语态”)。
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